Cash And Cash Equivalents

Cash and cash equivalents are the most liquid assets found within the asset portion of a company’s balance sheet. Cash equivalents are assets that are readily convertible into cash, such as money market holdings, short-term government bonds or Treasury bills, marketable securities, and commercial paper. Cash equivalents are distinguished from other investments through their short-term existence; they mature within 3 months whereas short-term investments are 12 months or less, and long-term investments are any investments that mature in excess of 12 months.

Payments

“Cash and cash equivalents”, when used in the context of payments and payments transactions refer to currency, coins, money orders, paper checks, and stored value products such as gift certificates and gift cards.

Advantages & Disadvantages of Cash Equivalents

A cash equivalent is an asset that a person or company can quickly convert to cash. These include certificates of deposit, checking and savings accounts, Treasury bills, short-term money market accounts, bonds, checks, and money orders. These types of assets have disadvantages, but companies still use them for the advantages they offer.

Maturity and Ease of Conversion

By definition, a cash equivalent is any asset you can convert to cash quickly. Cash equivalents reach maturity in a shorter period than other forms of investments, usually in three months or less. This is advantageous from the business perspective because a company can use the cash equivalent to meet whatever short-term needs might arise. Should a company want to invest the funds elsewhere, it is easy for authorized personnel to tap the cash equivalent and redistribute company money. This is a significant consideration, given that sometimes the opportunity to invest passes very quickly.

Financial Storage

In some instances, a business might have funds it has not yet allocated to a specific item. People consider cash equivalents very low-risk investments because of their quick maturity and ease of conversion. They maintain their dollar value well. This means a company can invest unallocated funds into one or more cash equivalents as a way to store the money until the business decides what to do with it.

Low Interest

Many cash equivalents such as checking accounts bear interest. However, the interest rate usually is low. The low rate of interest makes sense given that cash equivalents involve low risk, but it means that cash equivalents struggle to keep up with inflation. For this reason, companies often avoid investing great amounts in cash equivalents. Instead, they invest enough in cash equivalents to cover estimated short-term needs, and they put any additional monies into investment options that have better rates of return.

Loss of Revenue

Although cash equivalents allow a company to address short-term needs, it can be difficult to determine exactly what those short-term needs will be. Sometimes companies find that the amount set aside in cash equivalents far exceeds what was necessary to cover immediate liabilities, depending on market conditions. When this happens, the company loses out on potential revenue, as money that could have produced a higher return elsewhere was committed to the cash equivalent account. Careful analysis of the company’s budget and the current market might prevent this from happening.

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