Define: Civil Lawsuit

A civil lawsuit is a legal dispute between two or more parties seeking resolution through the court system. Unlike criminal cases, which involve prosecution by the government for violations of the law, civil lawsuits typically involve private disputes over rights, obligations, or injuries between individuals, businesses, or organizations. Common types of civil lawsuits include personal injury claims, breach of contract disputes, property disputes, and family law matters such as divorce and child custody. In a civil lawsuit, the party initiating the action, known as the plaintiff, files a complaint with the court outlining the facts of the case and the legal basis for their claims. The defendant, the party being sued, then has an opportunity to respond to the complaint and present their defence. The parties may engage in pre-trial discovery to gather evidence, negotiate settlements, or proceed to trial, where a judge or jury will hear the evidence and render a decision. The outcome of a civil lawsuit may result in monetary damages, injunctions, or other equitable relief ordered by the court.

A civil lawsuit is the action a victim or plaintiff can bring against another person or defendant for causing physical or emotional injuries. Civil lawsuits can be initiated regardless of whether the defendant is found criminally responsible or guilty of a crime.

Civil cases are brought by the plaintiff (injured party) against the defendant (potentially negligent party). Civil lawsuits can be won if the plaintiff proves their case through a preponderance of evidence rather than the higher legal standard of “beyond a reasonable doubt” which is needed to win a criminal case.

Civil defendants are not generally punished with incarceration but are required to provide compensation to the plaintiff which attempts to re-establish them to the level they were at prior to the injury. Compensation for a civil lawsuit can include medical expense compensation, lost wage compensation, and pain and suffering. For some civil lawsuits, if the court finds there is gross negligence, they may force the defendant to pay punitive damages. Civil cases must be filed within a specified time frame which varies by state and the type of injury. Failure to file the lawsuit within the statute of limitations eliminates the claimant’s right to compensation.

This site contains general legal information but does not constitute professional legal advice for your particular situation. Persuing this glossary does not create an attorney-client or legal adviser relationship. If you have specific questions, please consult a qualified attorney licensed in your jurisdiction.

This glossary post was last updated: 29th March, 2024.